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A Multi-Temporal Satellite Data and Spectral Indices for Assessing Spatial Changes in Urban Farmlands in Lagos, Nigeria
Corresponding Author(s) : Dauda Rotimi Awoniran
Sustainability Science and Resources,
Vol. 7 (2025): Sustainability Science and Resources
Abstract
To achieve sustainable development for the world’s population food security is one of the environmental existential challenges that must be addressed. This study examined the trend in agricultural land use change, in Lagos Metropolis between 1984 and 2024. Data used included Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) image of 1984, Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) image of 2013 and Landsat 9 (OLI) of 2024. The satellite images were processed using ArcGIS 10.5 and IDRISI Selva software. The processed images were classified using a combination of Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI), visual interpretation and Maximum Likelihood Classification algorithm. An inventory of the extent of land use/land cover for each year and the rate of change were determined, the pattern of conversion of urban farmlands to other land uses was also examined, using the Land Use Change Modeller of the IDRISI software. Findings from the study indicated that farmlands in the study area declined by 13.03% between 1984 and 2013 and by 21.79% between 2013 and 2024. So also between 1984 and 2013 as much as 89.48% of farmlands were converted to other land uses, while only 10.52% remained unchanged and between 2013 and 2024 as much as 73.51% had been converted to other land uses, while 26.49 % remained unchanged. Furthermore, the NDVI results indicated a deterioration in the environmental condition of the urban farmlands. The study concluded that the present status of urban farming in Lagos Metropolis has far reaching implications for food security that needed to be addressed.
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- Addo K A (2010), Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture in Developing Countries Studied using Remote Sensing and In Situ Methods. Remote Sensing 2: 497-513; doi: 10.3390/rs2020497
- Aina O S, Oladapo A, Adebosin W G and Ajijola S (2012), Urban Livelihood: Urban Agriculture Implication in Food Security, A Case Study of Ibadan Metropolis. Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation, 1 (4): pp 155-161.
- Akinmoladun O I and Adejumo O T (2011), Urban agriculture in metropolitan Lagos: An inventory of potential land and water resources, Journal of Geography and Regional Planning Vol. 4(1), pp. 9-19 https://doi.org/10.5897/JGRP.9000154
- Arturo P V and Simon A (2003). A Methodological Review of Research into Urban Agriculture. In: Wietse B. and Wilfrid H (eds). Annotated Bibliography on Urban Agriculture Sida, ETC, Netherlands. pp 618- 629.
- Azunre G A, Amponsah O, Peprah C, Takyi S A and Braimah I (2019), A review of the role of urban agriculture in the sustainable city discourse. Cities 93, 104–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.04.006
- Chiara T (2014), Critical geography of urban agriculture Progress in Human Geography Vol. 38(4) 551–567 DOI: 10.1177/0309132513512542
- Djan M A (2023), Urban Food Security: Examining the Unique Challenges and Opportunities Associated with Ensuring Food Security in Urban Areas. European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety 15 (9) 42-52 DOI: 10.9734/EJNFS/2023/v15i91335
- Dongus S and Dresher A (2001), The use of GIS, GPS and aerial imagery for mapping urban agricultural activities on open space in cities. Available at: http://www.gisdevelopment.net/ application/agriculture/overview/me05_108c.htm
- Dresher, A W (2003), Perspectives of the Urbanizations Process. Discussion Paper, Food Africa Internet Conference, NRI (2003). Online: http://foodafrica.nri.org/urbanisation/urbanisationdiscussion1.html
- FAO (2017), Urban Food Systems Diagnostic and Metrics Framework: Roadmap for future geospatial and big data analytics
- Firdissa T (2007), Livelihood Dependence on Urban Agriculture in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Master Theses Submitted to the Department of Environment and International Studies Norwegian University of Life Sciences.
- Foeken D (2012), The role of urban agriculture in the development of middle-sized towns: Cases from East Africa. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning vol. 6 (4), pp.117-131. Kampala.” World Development 23(10), pp. 1669–1681.
- Gessesse A A and Melesse A M (2019), Temporal relationships between time series CHIRPS- rainfall estimation and eMODIS-NDVI satellite images in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. In Extreme Hydrology and Climate Variability (pp. 81-92). Elsevier.
- Jagadish J, Sameer R and Kailash P T (2019), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and its role in Agriculture. Agriculture and Food: E-Newsletter, Vol. 1 Issue 12.
- Kareem R O and Raheem K A (2012), A Review of Urban Agriculture as a Tool for Building Food Security in Nigeria: Challenges and Policy Options. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa Vol.14, No 3.
- Komolafe A A, Adegboyega S.A., Anifowose A.Y.B, Akinluyi F O and Awoniran D R (2014), Air pollution and climate change in Lagos, Nigeria: Needs for proactive approaches to risk management and adaptation. American Journal of Environmental Sciences 10 (4): 412-423. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2014.412.423
- Losada H, Martinez H. Vieyra J, Pealing R, Zavala R and Cortes J (1998), Urban agriculture in the metropolitan zone of Mexico City: changes over time in urban, suburban and peri-urban areas. Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 10, No. 2, 37-54 https://doi.org/10.1177/095624789801000214
- Marina-Ramona R and Bogdan-Andrei M (2016), Mapping Land Cover Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS Techniques: A Case Study of Prahova Subcarpathians. Procedia Environmental Sciences 32 (2016) 244 – 255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.03.029
- Mougeout L.J A (2000), Urban Agriculture, Definition, Presence, Potentials and Risks and Policy Challenges. IDRC, Cities Feeding People Series. Report 31
- NPC, (2007), Nigeria National Population Census 2006, Abuja: National Population Commission Nwaogu C, Okeke O J, Fadipe O O, Bashiru K A and Pechanec V (2017), Is Nigeria losing its natural vegetation and landscape? Assessing the landuse-landcover change trajectories and effects in Onitsha using remote sensing and GIS. Open Geosci. 9:707–718
- https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2017-0053
- Ogunbajo, M.I. (2005), Environmental Assessment Study for the Lagos Water Corporationunder the World Bank Assisted Project Preparation Facility for the National Water Rehabilitation Project.
- Omisore E O and Olaleye D O (2011), Planning Authority Restriction on Urban Agriculture in Urban Planning. In: Veronica A O (ed) Report of DELPHE Project 758 Urban Planning and Urban Agriculture Stakeholders Sensitization Workshop; IART, Ibadan.
- Osayomi T and Lawanson T (2022), Feeding Lagos megacity through urban agriculture: re- engineering city governance for food security and social inclusion. Democracy and Development Journal | 2022 Volume 6. No. 1.
- Oshodi L (2013), Flood management and governance structure in Lagos. Nigeria. Regions Magazine, 292: 22-24. DOI: 10.1080/13673882.2013.10815622
- Pratheeba R (2021), Role of Urban Agriculture in Achieving Food Security and other Social Missions – A Global Study. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR), Vol-7, Issue-7, 2454-1850
- Redwood, M (2009), Enter Agropolis. In: Redwood M (ed) Urban Agriculture in Urban Planning: Generating Livelihoods and Food Security, (c) IDRC Canada
- Smit J, Nasr J and Ratta A (2001), Urban Agriculture: Food Jobs and Sustainable Cities. The Urban Agriculture Network, Inc (UNDP)
- Smit J and Joe N (1992), Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities: Using Wastes and Idle Land and Water Bodies as Resources. Environment and Urbanization 4(2):141-151. Reprinted in David Satterthwaite (ed.). 1999. The Earthscan Reader in Sustainable Cities. London: Earthscan.
- Veenhuizen R V (2006), Cities Farming for the Future:Urban Agriculture for Green and Productive Cities. (C) Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF) Foundation.
- Veenhuizen R and Danso G .K (2007), Profitability and sustainability of urban and peri-urban agriculture. Agricultural Management Marketing and Financeoccasional Paper 19 pp 109. FAO 2007.
References
Addo K A (2010), Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture in Developing Countries Studied using Remote Sensing and In Situ Methods. Remote Sensing 2: 497-513; doi: 10.3390/rs2020497
Aina O S, Oladapo A, Adebosin W G and Ajijola S (2012), Urban Livelihood: Urban Agriculture Implication in Food Security, A Case Study of Ibadan Metropolis. Journal of Applied Phytotechnology in Environmental Sanitation, 1 (4): pp 155-161.
Akinmoladun O I and Adejumo O T (2011), Urban agriculture in metropolitan Lagos: An inventory of potential land and water resources, Journal of Geography and Regional Planning Vol. 4(1), pp. 9-19 https://doi.org/10.5897/JGRP.9000154
Arturo P V and Simon A (2003). A Methodological Review of Research into Urban Agriculture. In: Wietse B. and Wilfrid H (eds). Annotated Bibliography on Urban Agriculture Sida, ETC, Netherlands. pp 618- 629.
Azunre G A, Amponsah O, Peprah C, Takyi S A and Braimah I (2019), A review of the role of urban agriculture in the sustainable city discourse. Cities 93, 104–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.04.006
Chiara T (2014), Critical geography of urban agriculture Progress in Human Geography Vol. 38(4) 551–567 DOI: 10.1177/0309132513512542
Djan M A (2023), Urban Food Security: Examining the Unique Challenges and Opportunities Associated with Ensuring Food Security in Urban Areas. European Journal of Nutrition & Food Safety 15 (9) 42-52 DOI: 10.9734/EJNFS/2023/v15i91335
Dongus S and Dresher A (2001), The use of GIS, GPS and aerial imagery for mapping urban agricultural activities on open space in cities. Available at: http://www.gisdevelopment.net/ application/agriculture/overview/me05_108c.htm
Dresher, A W (2003), Perspectives of the Urbanizations Process. Discussion Paper, Food Africa Internet Conference, NRI (2003). Online: http://foodafrica.nri.org/urbanisation/urbanisationdiscussion1.html
FAO (2017), Urban Food Systems Diagnostic and Metrics Framework: Roadmap for future geospatial and big data analytics
Firdissa T (2007), Livelihood Dependence on Urban Agriculture in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Master Theses Submitted to the Department of Environment and International Studies Norwegian University of Life Sciences.
Foeken D (2012), The role of urban agriculture in the development of middle-sized towns: Cases from East Africa. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning vol. 6 (4), pp.117-131. Kampala.” World Development 23(10), pp. 1669–1681.
Gessesse A A and Melesse A M (2019), Temporal relationships between time series CHIRPS- rainfall estimation and eMODIS-NDVI satellite images in Amhara Region, Ethiopia. In Extreme Hydrology and Climate Variability (pp. 81-92). Elsevier.
Jagadish J, Sameer R and Kailash P T (2019), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and its role in Agriculture. Agriculture and Food: E-Newsletter, Vol. 1 Issue 12.
Kareem R O and Raheem K A (2012), A Review of Urban Agriculture as a Tool for Building Food Security in Nigeria: Challenges and Policy Options. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa Vol.14, No 3.
Komolafe A A, Adegboyega S.A., Anifowose A.Y.B, Akinluyi F O and Awoniran D R (2014), Air pollution and climate change in Lagos, Nigeria: Needs for proactive approaches to risk management and adaptation. American Journal of Environmental Sciences 10 (4): 412-423. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2014.412.423
Losada H, Martinez H. Vieyra J, Pealing R, Zavala R and Cortes J (1998), Urban agriculture in the metropolitan zone of Mexico City: changes over time in urban, suburban and peri-urban areas. Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 10, No. 2, 37-54 https://doi.org/10.1177/095624789801000214
Marina-Ramona R and Bogdan-Andrei M (2016), Mapping Land Cover Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS Techniques: A Case Study of Prahova Subcarpathians. Procedia Environmental Sciences 32 (2016) 244 – 255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2016.03.029
Mougeout L.J A (2000), Urban Agriculture, Definition, Presence, Potentials and Risks and Policy Challenges. IDRC, Cities Feeding People Series. Report 31
NPC, (2007), Nigeria National Population Census 2006, Abuja: National Population Commission Nwaogu C, Okeke O J, Fadipe O O, Bashiru K A and Pechanec V (2017), Is Nigeria losing its natural vegetation and landscape? Assessing the landuse-landcover change trajectories and effects in Onitsha using remote sensing and GIS. Open Geosci. 9:707–718
https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2017-0053
Ogunbajo, M.I. (2005), Environmental Assessment Study for the Lagos Water Corporationunder the World Bank Assisted Project Preparation Facility for the National Water Rehabilitation Project.
Omisore E O and Olaleye D O (2011), Planning Authority Restriction on Urban Agriculture in Urban Planning. In: Veronica A O (ed) Report of DELPHE Project 758 Urban Planning and Urban Agriculture Stakeholders Sensitization Workshop; IART, Ibadan.
Osayomi T and Lawanson T (2022), Feeding Lagos megacity through urban agriculture: re- engineering city governance for food security and social inclusion. Democracy and Development Journal | 2022 Volume 6. No. 1.
Oshodi L (2013), Flood management and governance structure in Lagos. Nigeria. Regions Magazine, 292: 22-24. DOI: 10.1080/13673882.2013.10815622
Pratheeba R (2021), Role of Urban Agriculture in Achieving Food Security and other Social Missions – A Global Study. International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research (IJOEAR), Vol-7, Issue-7, 2454-1850
Redwood, M (2009), Enter Agropolis. In: Redwood M (ed) Urban Agriculture in Urban Planning: Generating Livelihoods and Food Security, (c) IDRC Canada
Smit J, Nasr J and Ratta A (2001), Urban Agriculture: Food Jobs and Sustainable Cities. The Urban Agriculture Network, Inc (UNDP)
Smit J and Joe N (1992), Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Cities: Using Wastes and Idle Land and Water Bodies as Resources. Environment and Urbanization 4(2):141-151. Reprinted in David Satterthwaite (ed.). 1999. The Earthscan Reader in Sustainable Cities. London: Earthscan.
Veenhuizen R V (2006), Cities Farming for the Future:Urban Agriculture for Green and Productive Cities. (C) Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF) Foundation.
Veenhuizen R and Danso G .K (2007), Profitability and sustainability of urban and peri-urban agriculture. Agricultural Management Marketing and Financeoccasional Paper 19 pp 109. FAO 2007.