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Characterization and Identification of Chickpea Wilt/Root Rot Pathogens in North Shoa, Ethiopia
Corresponding Author(s) : Befekadu Yeshitila
Sustainability Science and Resources, Vol. 9 (2025): Sustainable Science and Resources
Abstract
Chickpea wilt/root rot is the main biotic stress that reduces yields of chickpea in the major chickpea growing areas of Ethiopia. This study was carried out to isolate, characterize, and identify fungal pathogens that cause chickpea wilt/root rot and enrich the microbial culture collection of Ethiopian Biodiversity Gene Bank and make them accessible for further research.
Root samples were collected from infected chickpea host plants grown in three districts of North Shoa. The root samples were sterilized with two steps surface sterilization and inoculated on Potato Dextrose Agar. The fungal pathogens were isolated from the inoculated Potato Dextrose Agar after seven to ten days of incubation at 26+2 OC. The fungal pathogens were characterized using cultural characteristics and microscopic morphology techniques. Data comprising the symptoms of the infected host chickpea plants at the farm land, the cultural characteristics of the fungi on Potato Dextrose Agar, microscopic morphologies and standard fungal identification key were used to identify the fungal species.
The identified fungal pathogens include Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia bataticola, and Rhizoctonia solani. The rate of isolation of the pathogens is 20% for the three pathogens each; Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia bataticola and 10% to Rhizoctonia solani. Most of the pathogens are isolated from samples collected from Moretina Jiru district which indicates the existence of higher distribution of the disease in this district than the other two districts included in the study.
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- Al-Fadhal, F.A., AL-Abedy, A.N. and Alkhafije, D.A. (2019). Isolation and molecular identification of Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani isolated from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and their control feasibility by Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control. 29:47
- Asfaw, T, Gelatu, B and Berhe, A. (1994). Role of cool season food legumes and their production constraints in Ethiopia agriculture. Pp. 2-18. In: Cool Season Food Legumes of Ethiopia.
- Asrat, Z. (2017). Significance and Management of Chickpea Wilt/root rot and future Prospects in Ethiopia. A review, International J. of Life Science. 5(1): 117-126.
- Barnett, H.L. & Hunter, B.B. (1998). Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi. 4th Ed. Burges Pub. Co., Minneapolis.
- Beniwal, SPS, Ahmed, S, Gorfu, D. (1992). Wilt/root rot diseases of chickpea in Ethiopia. Trop Pest Manag. 38: 48-51.
- Chichaybelu, M., Girma, N., Fikre, A., Gemechu, B., Mekuriaw, T., Geleta, T., Chiche, W., Rubyogo, J.C., Akpo, E., and Ojiewo, C.O. (2021). Enhancing Chickpea Production and Productivity Through Stakeholders’ Innovation Platform Approach in Ethiopia. E. Akpo et al. (eds.), Enhancing Smallholder Farmers’ Access to Seed of Improved Legume Varieties Through Multi-Stakeholder Platforms, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8014-7_7
- CSA (Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia). (2014/15). Agricultural sample survey 2014/2015 (2007 E.C.) Report on area and production of major crops. Statistical Bulletin no. 578. Addis Ababa: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
- Damte, T. & Ojiewo, C.O. (2016). Current status of wilt/root rot diseases in major chickpea growing areas of Ethiopia. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection. 49:9-10, 222- 238, DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2016.1180925
- Desvani, S.D, Lestari, I.B, Wibowo, H.R, Sunyani, Poromarto, S.H, and Hadiwiyono. (2018). Morphological characteristics and virulence of Rhizoctonia solani isolates collected from some rice production areas in some districts of Central Java. AIP Conference Proceedings 2014, 020068 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5054472
- Fikre, A. (2014). An overview of chickpea improvement research program in Ethiopia. Legume perspectives. 3: 47-49
- Gaikwad, P.A., Dhutraj, D.N. and. Ambadkar, C.V (2020). Cultural and Genetic Diversity of Rhizoctonia bataticola Isolates Causing Dry Root Rot of Chickpea. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2020) 9(4): 981-996
- Kuirya, S.P., Mondala, A., Banerjeec, S. and Duttaa, S. (2014). Morphological variability in Rhizoctonia solani isolates from different agro-ecological zones of West Bengal, India. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection. 47(6):728–736.
- Leslie, JF, Summerell, BA. (2006). The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Professional, 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014, USA, pp 81–250
- Mitiku, M. (2017). Management of Root Rot Diseases of Cool Season Food Legumes Crops in Ethiopia. Journal of Plant Sciences. 5(4): 104-109
- Narayanasamy, P. (2011). Microbial Plant Pathogens-Detection and Disease Diagnosis: Fungal pathogens, Vol 1. Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
- Nene, YL, Haware, MP, Reddy, MV (1978) Diagnosis of some wilt like disorders of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). ICRISAT Information Bulletin No. 3
- Nene, YL, Reddy, MV, Haware, MP, Ghanekar, AM, Amin, KS, Pande, S and Sharma, M. (2012). Field Diagnosis of Chickpea Diseases and their Control. Information Bulletin No. 28 (revised). Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 60 pp. ISBN 92-9066-199-2. Order code: IBE: 028.
- Seid, A & Melkamu, A. (2006). Chickpea, lentil, grasspea, fenugreek and lupine disease research in Ethiopia. In: Ali K. Kenneni G, Ahmed S, Malhorta R, Beniwal S, Makkouk K, Halila MH, Editors. Food and Forage Legumes of Ethiopia: Progress and Prospects. Proceedings of the Workshop on Food and Forage Legume; 2003 Sep 22-26; Addis Ababa: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). P. 215-220.
- Teixeira, L.M., Coelho, L., Tebaldi, N.D. (2016). Characterization of Fusarium oxysporum isolates and resistance of Passion fruit genotypes to Fusariosis. Rev. Bras. Frutic. 39 (3): (e-415)
- Thilagam, R., Kalaivani, G., Hemalatha, N. (2018). Isolation and Identification of Phytopathogenic Fungi from Infected Plant Parts. Inter. J. of Cur. Pharm. Res. Vol 10, Issue 1
- van Rheenen, HA, Reddy, M.V., Kumar, J. and Haware, M.P. (2011). Breeding for Resistance to Soil-borne Diseases in Chickpea. http://oar.icrisat.org/4561/1/CP_513.pdf
- Watanabe, T. (2002). Pictorial Atlas of Soil and Seed Fungi Morphologies of Cultured Fungi and Key to Species. Second Edition. CRC Press LLC, Florida, U.S.A.
- Westerlund, F.V., Campbell, R.N., and Kimble, K.A. (1974). Fungal root rot and wilt of chickpea in california. Phytopathology. 64: 432-436
- Woodward, J.W. (2001). Simplified Fungi Identification Key. The University of Georgia. Cooperative Extension Services, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.
- Yimer, SM, Fininsa, SC, Tadesse, N., Hamwieh, A. and Cook, DR. (2018). Distribution and factors influencing chickpea wilt and root rot epidemics in Ethiopia.
References
Al-Fadhal, F.A., AL-Abedy, A.N. and Alkhafije, D.A. (2019). Isolation and molecular identification of Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani isolated from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and their control feasibility by Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control. 29:47
Asfaw, T, Gelatu, B and Berhe, A. (1994). Role of cool season food legumes and their production constraints in Ethiopia agriculture. Pp. 2-18. In: Cool Season Food Legumes of Ethiopia.
Asrat, Z. (2017). Significance and Management of Chickpea Wilt/root rot and future Prospects in Ethiopia. A review, International J. of Life Science. 5(1): 117-126.
Barnett, H.L. & Hunter, B.B. (1998). Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi. 4th Ed. Burges Pub. Co., Minneapolis.
Beniwal, SPS, Ahmed, S, Gorfu, D. (1992). Wilt/root rot diseases of chickpea in Ethiopia. Trop Pest Manag. 38: 48-51.
Chichaybelu, M., Girma, N., Fikre, A., Gemechu, B., Mekuriaw, T., Geleta, T., Chiche, W., Rubyogo, J.C., Akpo, E., and Ojiewo, C.O. (2021). Enhancing Chickpea Production and Productivity Through Stakeholders’ Innovation Platform Approach in Ethiopia. E. Akpo et al. (eds.), Enhancing Smallholder Farmers’ Access to Seed of Improved Legume Varieties Through Multi-Stakeholder Platforms, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8014-7_7
CSA (Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia). (2014/15). Agricultural sample survey 2014/2015 (2007 E.C.) Report on area and production of major crops. Statistical Bulletin no. 578. Addis Ababa: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
Damte, T. & Ojiewo, C.O. (2016). Current status of wilt/root rot diseases in major chickpea growing areas of Ethiopia. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection. 49:9-10, 222- 238, DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2016.1180925
Desvani, S.D, Lestari, I.B, Wibowo, H.R, Sunyani, Poromarto, S.H, and Hadiwiyono. (2018). Morphological characteristics and virulence of Rhizoctonia solani isolates collected from some rice production areas in some districts of Central Java. AIP Conference Proceedings 2014, 020068 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5054472
Fikre, A. (2014). An overview of chickpea improvement research program in Ethiopia. Legume perspectives. 3: 47-49
Gaikwad, P.A., Dhutraj, D.N. and. Ambadkar, C.V (2020). Cultural and Genetic Diversity of Rhizoctonia bataticola Isolates Causing Dry Root Rot of Chickpea. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci (2020) 9(4): 981-996
Kuirya, S.P., Mondala, A., Banerjeec, S. and Duttaa, S. (2014). Morphological variability in Rhizoctonia solani isolates from different agro-ecological zones of West Bengal, India. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection. 47(6):728–736.
Leslie, JF, Summerell, BA. (2006). The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Professional, 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014, USA, pp 81–250
Mitiku, M. (2017). Management of Root Rot Diseases of Cool Season Food Legumes Crops in Ethiopia. Journal of Plant Sciences. 5(4): 104-109
Narayanasamy, P. (2011). Microbial Plant Pathogens-Detection and Disease Diagnosis: Fungal pathogens, Vol 1. Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Nene, YL, Haware, MP, Reddy, MV (1978) Diagnosis of some wilt like disorders of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). ICRISAT Information Bulletin No. 3
Nene, YL, Reddy, MV, Haware, MP, Ghanekar, AM, Amin, KS, Pande, S and Sharma, M. (2012). Field Diagnosis of Chickpea Diseases and their Control. Information Bulletin No. 28 (revised). Patancheru, A.P. 502 324, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 60 pp. ISBN 92-9066-199-2. Order code: IBE: 028.
Seid, A & Melkamu, A. (2006). Chickpea, lentil, grasspea, fenugreek and lupine disease research in Ethiopia. In: Ali K. Kenneni G, Ahmed S, Malhorta R, Beniwal S, Makkouk K, Halila MH, Editors. Food and Forage Legumes of Ethiopia: Progress and Prospects. Proceedings of the Workshop on Food and Forage Legume; 2003 Sep 22-26; Addis Ababa: International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). P. 215-220.
Teixeira, L.M., Coelho, L., Tebaldi, N.D. (2016). Characterization of Fusarium oxysporum isolates and resistance of Passion fruit genotypes to Fusariosis. Rev. Bras. Frutic. 39 (3): (e-415)
Thilagam, R., Kalaivani, G., Hemalatha, N. (2018). Isolation and Identification of Phytopathogenic Fungi from Infected Plant Parts. Inter. J. of Cur. Pharm. Res. Vol 10, Issue 1
van Rheenen, HA, Reddy, M.V., Kumar, J. and Haware, M.P. (2011). Breeding for Resistance to Soil-borne Diseases in Chickpea. http://oar.icrisat.org/4561/1/CP_513.pdf
Watanabe, T. (2002). Pictorial Atlas of Soil and Seed Fungi Morphologies of Cultured Fungi and Key to Species. Second Edition. CRC Press LLC, Florida, U.S.A.
Westerlund, F.V., Campbell, R.N., and Kimble, K.A. (1974). Fungal root rot and wilt of chickpea in california. Phytopathology. 64: 432-436
Woodward, J.W. (2001). Simplified Fungi Identification Key. The University of Georgia. Cooperative Extension Services, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.
Yimer, SM, Fininsa, SC, Tadesse, N., Hamwieh, A. and Cook, DR. (2018). Distribution and factors influencing chickpea wilt and root rot epidemics in Ethiopia.