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Promoting Climate-Smart Education for Economic Sustainability
Corresponding Author(s) : Kofi Mpuangnan
Sustainability Science and Resources, Vol. 9 (2025): Sustainable Science and Resources
Abstract
Climate change has emerged as a significant global challenge, with particularly devastating consequences for developing countries with rapidly emerging industries. Sustainable development is critical in these areas. As a result, Climate-Smart Education is critical for integrating climate change knowledge and sustainable practices to ensure the long-term viability of industries. As a result, this study examines strategies for advancing Climate-Smart Education to improve economic sustainability, with a focus on developing countries. To accomplish this, a commentary approach was used to review existing literature, policies, and current practices, and suggested actionable strategies. The findings suggest that strategies such as public-private partnerships, digital advisory services, and incorporating climate-smart principles into formal education can help to close knowledge gaps and boost resilience. Adapting initiatives to the socioeconomic realities of rural and peri-urban areas, along with coordinated policy efforts, is critical. However, challenges such as limited resources, inadequate teacher training, and cultural resistance, particularly in developing countries, may impede the successful implementation of climate change education. It was suggested that policymakers ensure the implementation of climate-smart principles in key sectors such as education, industry, agriculture, and the environment. This can promote a unified and coordinated approach to climate resilience and sustainability.
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- Abdulai, A. M. (2023). Promoting climate-smart agricultural strategies to boost food security in Ghana: The role of University of Development Studies. In University initiatives on climate change education and research (pp. 1–17). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
- Acharyya, A. (2022). Climate-smart agriculture in developing economies: An analysis of strategies and policies. In Environmental Economics in Developing Countries (pp. 231–257). Routledge India.
- Acosta, M., Riley, S., Bonilla-Findji, O., Martínez-Barón, D., Howland, F., Huyer, S., ... & Chanana, N. (2021). Exploring women’s differentiated access to climate-smart agricultural interventions in selected climate-smart villages of Latin America. Sustainability, 13(19), 10951.
- Ali, E. (2021). Farm households’ adoption of climate-smart practices in subsistence agriculture: Evidence from Northern Togo. Environmental Management, 67(5), 949– 962.
- Alidu, A. F., Man, N., Ramli, N. N., Haris, N. B. M., & Alhassan, A. (2022). Smallholder farmers' access to climate information and climate-smart adaptation practices in the northern region of Ghana. Heliyon, 8(5).
- Angom, J., & Viswanathan, P. K. (2023). Climate-smart agricultural practices and technologies in India and South Africa: Implications for climate change adaptation and sustainable livelihoods. In The Palgrave Handbook of Socio-ecological Resilience in the Face of Climate Change: Contexts from a Developing Country (pp. 161–195). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
- Apollo, A., & Mbah, M. F. (2021). Challenges and opportunities for climate change education (CCE) in East Africa: A critical review. Climate, 9(6), 93.
- Ariom, T. O., Dimon, E., Nambeye, E., Diouf, N. S., Adelusi, O. O., & Boudalia, S. (2022). Climate-smart agriculture in African countries: A review of strategies and impacts on smallholder farmers. Sustainability, 14(18), 11370.
- Asante, B. O., Ma, W., Prah, S., & Temoso, O. (2024). Promoting the adoption of climate- smart agricultural technologies among maize farmers in Ghana: Using digital advisory services. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 29(3), 19.
- Barooah, P., Alvi, M., Ringler, C., & Pathak, V. (2023). Gender, agriculture policies, and climate-smart agriculture in India. Agricultural Systems, 212, 103751.
- Branca, G., Arslan, A., Paolantonio, A., Grewer, U., Cattaneo, A., Cavatassi, R., ... & Vetter, S. (2021). Assessing the economic and mitigation benefits of climate-smart agriculture and its implications for political economy: A case study in Southern Africa. Journal of Cleaner Production, 285, 125161.
- Branca, G., Braimoh, A., Zhao, Y., Ratii, M., & Likoetla, P. (2021). Are there opportunities for climate-smart agriculture? Assessing costs and benefits of sustainability investments and planning policies in Southern Africa. Journal of Cleaner Production, 278, 123847.
- Braun, V., Clarke, V., Hayfield, N., Davey, L., & Jenkinson, E. (2023). Doing reflexive thematic analysis. In Supporting research in counselling and psychotherapy: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research (pp. 19–38). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
- Burke, M., Craxton, M., Kolstad, C. D., Onda, C., Allcott, H., Baker, E., ... & Tol, R. S. (2016). Opportunities for advances in climate change economics. Science, 352(6283), 292-293.
- Cordero, E., Todd, A. M., & Abellera, D. (2008). Climate change education and the ecological footprint. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 3(4), 243-261.
- Chevallier, R. (2023). Strengthening Africa’s climate-smart agriculture and food systems through enhanced policy coherence and coordinated action. South African Journal of International Affairs, 30(4), 595–618.
- Chevallier, R. (2022). Policy coherence analysis in climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in Africa.
- Chitakira, M., & Ngcobo, N. Z. (2021). Uptake of climate-smart agriculture in peri-urban areas of South Africa's economic hub requires up-scaling. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5, 706738.
- Cho, R. (2019). State of the planet: Student spotlight: Bridging environmental justice with sustainable energy. State of the Planet. Earth Institute, Columbia University. Retrieved from https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2019/02/01/student-spotlight- bridging-environmental-justice-sustainable-energy/
- Davies, A. R., Hügel, S., Norman, A., & Ryan, G. (2024). Climate smart: Geography, place, and climate change adaptation education. Geography, 109(1), 27–35.
- Defe, R., & Matsa, M. (2021). The contribution of climate-smart interventions to enhance sustainable livelihoods in Chiredzi District. Climate Risk Management, 33, 100338.
- Erekalo, K. T., & Yadda, T. A. (2023). Climate-smart agriculture in Ethiopia: Adoption of multiple crop production practices as sustainable adaptation and mitigation strategies. World Development Sustainability, 3, 100099.
- Hanley, A., Brychkova, G., Barbon, W. J., Noe, S. M., Myae, C., Thant, P. S., ... & Spillane, C. (2021). Community-level impacts of climate-smart agriculture interventions on food security and dietary diversity in climate-smart villages in Myanmar. Climate, 9(11), 166.
- Harper, R. (2023). Toward climate-smart education systems: A 7-dimension framework for action. Global Partnership for Education.
- Hebsale Mallappa, V. K., & Pathak, T. B. (2023). Climate-smart agriculture technologies adoption among small-scale farmers: A case study from Gujarat, India. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7, 1202485.
- Hügel, S., & Davies, A. R. (2024). Expanding adaptive capacity: Innovations in education for place-based climate change adaptation planning. Geoforum, 150, 103978.
- Isiwu, E. C., & Adejoh, S. O. (2023). Strategies for promoting climate-smart agricultural practices among smallholder farmers for sustainable development in Enugu State, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 25(3).
- Johnson, D., Almaraz, M., Rudnick, J., Parker, L. E., Ostoja, S. M., & Khalsa, S. D. S. (2023). Farmer adoption of climate-smart practices is driven by farm characteristics, information sources, and practice benefits and challenges. Sustainability, 15(10), 8083.
- Karume, K., Mondo, J. M., Chuma, G. B., Ibanda, A., Bagula, E. M., Aleke, A. L., ... & A yagirwe, R. B. B. (2022). Current practices and prospects of climate-smart agriculture in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A review. Land, 11(10), 1850.
- Khan, I. Y., Goswami, M., Nautiyal, S., Gupta, A. K., Premkumar, A., Baidya, S., & Prakash, S. (2022). Promoting climate-smart agriculture through policies and schemes in India: Temporal and strategic overview. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 48(5), 547–569.
- Mazengiya, M. N. (2024). Review on the opportunities and challenges to implement climate- smart agriculture practice in Ethiopia. Discover Agriculture, 2(1), 110.
- Maya, M. A. K., Siva, S. M. I. T. H. A., & Thomas, A. (2025). Constraints faced by pineapple farmers in adopting climate-smart adaptation strategies in Kerala. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 61(1), 104–107.
- Mpuangnan, K. N., & Ntombela, S. (2024). Community voices in curriculum development. Curriculum Perspectives, 44(1), 49-60.
- Mpuangnan, K. N., Mhlongo, H. R., & Govender, S. (2023). Managing solid waste in school environment through composting approach.Journal of Integrated Elementary Education, 3(1), 34-57.
- Mhlongo, H. R. (2024). Addressing Global Warming Issues in Schools Through Curriculum Integration.International Journal of Innovative Technology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, 7(3), 115-136.
- Molieleng, L., Fourie, P., & Nwafor, I. (2021). Adoption of climate-smart agriculture by communal livestock farmers in South Africa. Sustainability, 13(18), 10468.
- Nair, S. (2024). Analysis of the imaginative geographies of climate-smart mining and their re-imagination by the Khuthala Environmental Care Group (KECG) in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Journal of International Development, 36(2), 895–911.
- Okoronkwo, D. J., Ozioko, R. I., Ugwoke, R. U., Nwagbo, U. V., Nwobodo, C., Ugwu, C. H., ... & Mbah, E. C. (2024). Climate-smart agriculture? Adaptation strategies of traditional agriculture to climate change in sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Climate, 6, 1272320.
- Patra, N. K., & Babu, S. C. (2023). Institutional and policy process for climate-smart agriculture: Evidence from Nagaland State, India. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 14(1), 1–16.
- Partey, S. T., Zougmoré, R. B., Ouédraogo, M., & Campbell, B. M. (2018). Developing climate-smart agriculture to face climate variability in West Africa: Challenges and lessons learnt. Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 285–295.
- Phiri, K., Nhliziyo, M., Madzivire, S. I., Sithole, M., & Nyathi, D. (2021). Understanding climate-smart agriculture and the resilience of smallholder farmers in Umguza District, Zimbabwe. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1), 1970425.
- Quarshie, P. T., Abdulai, S., & Fraser, E. D. (2023). (Re) assessing climate-smart agriculture practices for sustainable food systems outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Bono East Region, Ghana. Geography and Sustainability, 4(2), 112–126.
- Reid, A. (2019). Climate change education and research: Possibilities and potentials versus problems and perils? Environmental Education Research, 25(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2018.1503174
- Rodríguez-Barillas, M., Klerkx, L., & Poortvliet, P. M. (2024). Transformative policy mix or policy pandemonium? Insights from the climate-smart agriculture policy mix in Costa Rica. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 50, 100791.
- Sanogo, K., Touré, I., Arinloye, D. D. A., Dossou-Yovo, E. R., & Bayala, J. (2023). Factors affecting the adoption of climate-smart agriculture technologies in rice farming systems in Mali, West Africa. Smart Agricultural Technology, 5, 100283.
- Senyolo, M. P., Long, T. B., & Omta, O. (2021). Enhancing the adoption of climate-smart technologies using public-private partnerships: Lessons from the WEMA case in South Africa. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 24(5), 755– 776.
- Senyolo, M. P., Long, T. B., Blok, V., Omta, O., & van der Velde, G. (2021). Smallholder adoption of technology: Evidence from the context of climate-smart agriculture in South Africa. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 13(2), 156–173.
- Shekmohammed, S., Hany, U., & Lemma, S. (2023). Review of farmers field school approach for facilitation of climate-smart agriculture. International Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 5, 9–17.
- Shilomboleni, H. (2022). Political economy challenges for climate-smart agriculture in Africa. In Social innovation and sustainability transition (pp. 261–272). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
- Sileshi, G. W., Dagar, J. C., Nath, A. J., & Kuntashula, E. (2023). Agroforestry as climate- smart agriculture: Strategic interventions, current practices, and policies. In Agroforestry for sustainable intensification of agriculture in Asia and Africa (pp. 589–640). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
- Slayi, M., Zhou, L., & Jaja, I. F. (2023). Constraints inhibiting farmers’ adoption of cattle feedlots as a climate-smart practice in rural communities of the Eastern Cape, South Africa: An in-depth examination. Sustainability, 15(20), 14813.
- UNESCO. (2020). Education for sustainable development: A roadmap for 2030. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000373998
- Usman M, Balsalobre-Lorente D, Jahanger A, Ahmad P (2022). Pollution concern during globalization mode in financially resource-rich countries: Do financial development, natural resources, and renewable energy consumption matter? Rene. Energy 183:90– 102.
- van Asseldonk, M., Girvetz, E., Pamuk, H., Wattel, C., & Ruben, R. (2023). Policy incentives for smallholder adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices. Frontiers in Political Science, 5, 1112311.
- Victory, G. O., Oyewole, A. L., & Olaitan, A. A. (2022). Climate-smart agricultural practices at Oyo State-Nigeria. South Asian Journal of Social Review, 1(1), 1–7.
- Wakweya, R. B. (2023). Challenges and prospects of adopting climate-smart agricultural practices and technologies: Implications for food security. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 100698.
- Zerssa, G., Feyssa, D., Kim, D. G., & Eichler-Löbermann, B. (2021). Challenges of smallholder farming in Ethiopia and opportunities by adopting climate-smart agriculture. Agriculture, 11(3), 192.
References
Abdulai, A. M. (2023). Promoting climate-smart agricultural strategies to boost food security in Ghana: The role of University of Development Studies. In University initiatives on climate change education and research (pp. 1–17). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Acharyya, A. (2022). Climate-smart agriculture in developing economies: An analysis of strategies and policies. In Environmental Economics in Developing Countries (pp. 231–257). Routledge India.
Acosta, M., Riley, S., Bonilla-Findji, O., Martínez-Barón, D., Howland, F., Huyer, S., ... & Chanana, N. (2021). Exploring women’s differentiated access to climate-smart agricultural interventions in selected climate-smart villages of Latin America. Sustainability, 13(19), 10951.
Ali, E. (2021). Farm households’ adoption of climate-smart practices in subsistence agriculture: Evidence from Northern Togo. Environmental Management, 67(5), 949– 962.
Alidu, A. F., Man, N., Ramli, N. N., Haris, N. B. M., & Alhassan, A. (2022). Smallholder farmers' access to climate information and climate-smart adaptation practices in the northern region of Ghana. Heliyon, 8(5).
Angom, J., & Viswanathan, P. K. (2023). Climate-smart agricultural practices and technologies in India and South Africa: Implications for climate change adaptation and sustainable livelihoods. In The Palgrave Handbook of Socio-ecological Resilience in the Face of Climate Change: Contexts from a Developing Country (pp. 161–195). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Apollo, A., & Mbah, M. F. (2021). Challenges and opportunities for climate change education (CCE) in East Africa: A critical review. Climate, 9(6), 93.
Ariom, T. O., Dimon, E., Nambeye, E., Diouf, N. S., Adelusi, O. O., & Boudalia, S. (2022). Climate-smart agriculture in African countries: A review of strategies and impacts on smallholder farmers. Sustainability, 14(18), 11370.
Asante, B. O., Ma, W., Prah, S., & Temoso, O. (2024). Promoting the adoption of climate- smart agricultural technologies among maize farmers in Ghana: Using digital advisory services. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 29(3), 19.
Barooah, P., Alvi, M., Ringler, C., & Pathak, V. (2023). Gender, agriculture policies, and climate-smart agriculture in India. Agricultural Systems, 212, 103751.
Branca, G., Arslan, A., Paolantonio, A., Grewer, U., Cattaneo, A., Cavatassi, R., ... & Vetter, S. (2021). Assessing the economic and mitigation benefits of climate-smart agriculture and its implications for political economy: A case study in Southern Africa. Journal of Cleaner Production, 285, 125161.
Branca, G., Braimoh, A., Zhao, Y., Ratii, M., & Likoetla, P. (2021). Are there opportunities for climate-smart agriculture? Assessing costs and benefits of sustainability investments and planning policies in Southern Africa. Journal of Cleaner Production, 278, 123847.
Braun, V., Clarke, V., Hayfield, N., Davey, L., & Jenkinson, E. (2023). Doing reflexive thematic analysis. In Supporting research in counselling and psychotherapy: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research (pp. 19–38). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Burke, M., Craxton, M., Kolstad, C. D., Onda, C., Allcott, H., Baker, E., ... & Tol, R. S. (2016). Opportunities for advances in climate change economics. Science, 352(6283), 292-293.
Cordero, E., Todd, A. M., & Abellera, D. (2008). Climate change education and the ecological footprint. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 3(4), 243-261.
Chevallier, R. (2023). Strengthening Africa’s climate-smart agriculture and food systems through enhanced policy coherence and coordinated action. South African Journal of International Affairs, 30(4), 595–618.
Chevallier, R. (2022). Policy coherence analysis in climate-smart agriculture (CSA) in Africa.
Chitakira, M., & Ngcobo, N. Z. (2021). Uptake of climate-smart agriculture in peri-urban areas of South Africa's economic hub requires up-scaling. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5, 706738.
Cho, R. (2019). State of the planet: Student spotlight: Bridging environmental justice with sustainable energy. State of the Planet. Earth Institute, Columbia University. Retrieved from https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2019/02/01/student-spotlight- bridging-environmental-justice-sustainable-energy/
Davies, A. R., Hügel, S., Norman, A., & Ryan, G. (2024). Climate smart: Geography, place, and climate change adaptation education. Geography, 109(1), 27–35.
Defe, R., & Matsa, M. (2021). The contribution of climate-smart interventions to enhance sustainable livelihoods in Chiredzi District. Climate Risk Management, 33, 100338.
Erekalo, K. T., & Yadda, T. A. (2023). Climate-smart agriculture in Ethiopia: Adoption of multiple crop production practices as sustainable adaptation and mitigation strategies. World Development Sustainability, 3, 100099.
Hanley, A., Brychkova, G., Barbon, W. J., Noe, S. M., Myae, C., Thant, P. S., ... & Spillane, C. (2021). Community-level impacts of climate-smart agriculture interventions on food security and dietary diversity in climate-smart villages in Myanmar. Climate, 9(11), 166.
Harper, R. (2023). Toward climate-smart education systems: A 7-dimension framework for action. Global Partnership for Education.
Hebsale Mallappa, V. K., & Pathak, T. B. (2023). Climate-smart agriculture technologies adoption among small-scale farmers: A case study from Gujarat, India. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7, 1202485.
Hügel, S., & Davies, A. R. (2024). Expanding adaptive capacity: Innovations in education for place-based climate change adaptation planning. Geoforum, 150, 103978.
Isiwu, E. C., & Adejoh, S. O. (2023). Strategies for promoting climate-smart agricultural practices among smallholder farmers for sustainable development in Enugu State, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 25(3).
Johnson, D., Almaraz, M., Rudnick, J., Parker, L. E., Ostoja, S. M., & Khalsa, S. D. S. (2023). Farmer adoption of climate-smart practices is driven by farm characteristics, information sources, and practice benefits and challenges. Sustainability, 15(10), 8083.
Karume, K., Mondo, J. M., Chuma, G. B., Ibanda, A., Bagula, E. M., Aleke, A. L., ... & A yagirwe, R. B. B. (2022). Current practices and prospects of climate-smart agriculture in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A review. Land, 11(10), 1850.
Khan, I. Y., Goswami, M., Nautiyal, S., Gupta, A. K., Premkumar, A., Baidya, S., & Prakash, S. (2022). Promoting climate-smart agriculture through policies and schemes in India: Temporal and strategic overview. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 48(5), 547–569.
Mazengiya, M. N. (2024). Review on the opportunities and challenges to implement climate- smart agriculture practice in Ethiopia. Discover Agriculture, 2(1), 110.
Maya, M. A. K., Siva, S. M. I. T. H. A., & Thomas, A. (2025). Constraints faced by pineapple farmers in adopting climate-smart adaptation strategies in Kerala. Indian Journal of Extension Education, 61(1), 104–107.
Mpuangnan, K. N., & Ntombela, S. (2024). Community voices in curriculum development. Curriculum Perspectives, 44(1), 49-60.
Mpuangnan, K. N., Mhlongo, H. R., & Govender, S. (2023). Managing solid waste in school environment through composting approach.Journal of Integrated Elementary Education, 3(1), 34-57.
Mhlongo, H. R. (2024). Addressing Global Warming Issues in Schools Through Curriculum Integration.International Journal of Innovative Technology and Interdisciplinary Sciences, 7(3), 115-136.
Molieleng, L., Fourie, P., & Nwafor, I. (2021). Adoption of climate-smart agriculture by communal livestock farmers in South Africa. Sustainability, 13(18), 10468.
Nair, S. (2024). Analysis of the imaginative geographies of climate-smart mining and their re-imagination by the Khuthala Environmental Care Group (KECG) in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Journal of International Development, 36(2), 895–911.
Okoronkwo, D. J., Ozioko, R. I., Ugwoke, R. U., Nwagbo, U. V., Nwobodo, C., Ugwu, C. H., ... & Mbah, E. C. (2024). Climate-smart agriculture? Adaptation strategies of traditional agriculture to climate change in sub-Saharan Africa. Frontiers in Climate, 6, 1272320.
Patra, N. K., & Babu, S. C. (2023). Institutional and policy process for climate-smart agriculture: Evidence from Nagaland State, India. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 14(1), 1–16.
Partey, S. T., Zougmoré, R. B., Ouédraogo, M., & Campbell, B. M. (2018). Developing climate-smart agriculture to face climate variability in West Africa: Challenges and lessons learnt. Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 285–295.
Phiri, K., Nhliziyo, M., Madzivire, S. I., Sithole, M., & Nyathi, D. (2021). Understanding climate-smart agriculture and the resilience of smallholder farmers in Umguza District, Zimbabwe. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1), 1970425.
Quarshie, P. T., Abdulai, S., & Fraser, E. D. (2023). (Re) assessing climate-smart agriculture practices for sustainable food systems outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Bono East Region, Ghana. Geography and Sustainability, 4(2), 112–126.
Reid, A. (2019). Climate change education and research: Possibilities and potentials versus problems and perils? Environmental Education Research, 25(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2018.1503174
Rodríguez-Barillas, M., Klerkx, L., & Poortvliet, P. M. (2024). Transformative policy mix or policy pandemonium? Insights from the climate-smart agriculture policy mix in Costa Rica. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 50, 100791.
Sanogo, K., Touré, I., Arinloye, D. D. A., Dossou-Yovo, E. R., & Bayala, J. (2023). Factors affecting the adoption of climate-smart agriculture technologies in rice farming systems in Mali, West Africa. Smart Agricultural Technology, 5, 100283.
Senyolo, M. P., Long, T. B., & Omta, O. (2021). Enhancing the adoption of climate-smart technologies using public-private partnerships: Lessons from the WEMA case in South Africa. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 24(5), 755– 776.
Senyolo, M. P., Long, T. B., Blok, V., Omta, O., & van der Velde, G. (2021). Smallholder adoption of technology: Evidence from the context of climate-smart agriculture in South Africa. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 13(2), 156–173.
Shekmohammed, S., Hany, U., & Lemma, S. (2023). Review of farmers field school approach for facilitation of climate-smart agriculture. International Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 5, 9–17.
Shilomboleni, H. (2022). Political economy challenges for climate-smart agriculture in Africa. In Social innovation and sustainability transition (pp. 261–272). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
Sileshi, G. W., Dagar, J. C., Nath, A. J., & Kuntashula, E. (2023). Agroforestry as climate- smart agriculture: Strategic interventions, current practices, and policies. In Agroforestry for sustainable intensification of agriculture in Asia and Africa (pp. 589–640). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Slayi, M., Zhou, L., & Jaja, I. F. (2023). Constraints inhibiting farmers’ adoption of cattle feedlots as a climate-smart practice in rural communities of the Eastern Cape, South Africa: An in-depth examination. Sustainability, 15(20), 14813.
UNESCO. (2020). Education for sustainable development: A roadmap for 2030. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000373998
Usman M, Balsalobre-Lorente D, Jahanger A, Ahmad P (2022). Pollution concern during globalization mode in financially resource-rich countries: Do financial development, natural resources, and renewable energy consumption matter? Rene. Energy 183:90– 102.
van Asseldonk, M., Girvetz, E., Pamuk, H., Wattel, C., & Ruben, R. (2023). Policy incentives for smallholder adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices. Frontiers in Political Science, 5, 1112311.
Victory, G. O., Oyewole, A. L., & Olaitan, A. A. (2022). Climate-smart agricultural practices at Oyo State-Nigeria. South Asian Journal of Social Review, 1(1), 1–7.
Wakweya, R. B. (2023). Challenges and prospects of adopting climate-smart agricultural practices and technologies: Implications for food security. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 100698.
Zerssa, G., Feyssa, D., Kim, D. G., & Eichler-Löbermann, B. (2021). Challenges of smallholder farming in Ethiopia and opportunities by adopting climate-smart agriculture. Agriculture, 11(3), 192.